From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Lessons About Traumatic Brain Injury From the Ohio Head Injury Outcomes Study.

The supplied text does not give the total number of children enrolled, analysed, or retained, because recruitment and retention are in a figure and table that are not available. This is a narrative review, not a systematic review or new analysis, so it may not capture all OHIO findings or weigh evidence consistently. It is observational and review-based, so associations with parenting, family stress, socioeconomic status, and genetics cannot show cause and effect. The cohort included children aged 3 to 7 years at injury, hospitalized for at least one night, with no pre-injury neurological or developmental problems, no child abuse as the cause, and English as the home language; most papers excluded a small mild TBI or concussion subgroup, so findings may not apply to outpatient mild TBI, other languages, or children with pre-existing conditions. Baseline pre-injury functioning relied on retrospective parent ratings, which may be biased, and some executive and social outcomes relied on parent or teacher reports rather than direct observation. Time points and subsets varied across papers, so comparisons between domains and across studies may not be exact.

The supplied text does not include a conflicts-of-interest or funding declaration. The publication types list NIH extramural and non-U.S. government research support.

Do not conclude that any treatment or parenting style caused these outcomes. This is a review of observational cohort findings, so family, genetic, and injury factors are associated with outcomes but not tested as interventions.