Guides

Reading the research

Every paper summary carries labels — a certainty rating, a study design, a set of numbers. These explain what each one means and what it should change about how you read the result. Free to read, always.

• What the certainty rating on a research summary actually means

  Every paper on this site carries one of three words: moderate, low, or very low. Here is where each comes from, what it does not mean, and what it should change about how you read the summary underneath it.

  Updated 9 September 2026