Understanding Multi-Victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.

The survey was cross-sectional, so it cannot show that supports reduced victimization; victimization may also reduce access to supports. Data were collected in 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, so current access to supports may differ. Many students were excluded, and excluded respondents were more likely to be trans or gender diverse, of a minoritized race or ethnicity, or attending a predominantly Black school, so the analysed sample may miss the most affected students. Victimization was measured as only three types, sexual victimization, bullying, and physical violence, so multi-victimization may be underestimated. Housing security was a single item about staying elsewhere because the student could not stay at home, which may miss chronically unhoused students or families. The study was underpowered to compare subgroups of transgender and gender-diverse adolescents, such as transmasculine, transfeminine, and nonbinary students. Sexual identities were collapsed into heterosexual and sexual minority, so differences among diverse sexual identities were not examined. Self-report and nonresponse bias are possible, and support items were at the end of the survey, with lower response in predominantly Black/African American schools.

Do not conclude that increasing parental monitoring, social support, food security, or housing security will reduce adolescent victimization. The study is cross-sectional and only reports associations; it did not test an intervention.