SLPOtherJournal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation2025

Stress Effects on Pharyngeal Air Pressure and Upper Esophageal Sphincter Pressure During Phonation: The Influence of Vocal Tract Semi-Occlusion.

Jesse D Hoffmeister, Christopher L Ulmschneider, Michelle R Ciucci and 1 others

PMID 36031506

WHAT IT FOUND

Stress raised pressure at the upper esophageal sphincter during plain vowel sounds but not during straw phonation.

This suggests semi-occluded exercises may buffer vocal tract pressure changes during stress, though the study was tiny and used cold water pain as the stressor.

Key findings

01Cold water stress significantly increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, confirming autonomic arousal.

02Stress increased upper esophageal sphincter pressure during comfortable and loud /a/ phonation, but not during straw phonation or bilabial fricative.

03There was no significant effect of stress on fundamental frequency (pitch) across any phonatory task.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for SLPs

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What it does not show

The sample size was very small (n=10), limiting generalizability. The stressor was physical pain (cold pressor), not psychosocial stress, which may not reflect real-world voice anxiety. Participants were healthy adults, so findings may not apply to those with existing voice disorders. The study measured immediate physiological responses, not long-term therapeutic outcomes or voice quality changes.

Declared interests

The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

The easy way to misread this

Do not interpret this as proof that straw phonation treats voice disorders. The study measured immediate pressure changes in ten healthy people under physical pain stress, not voice quality or symptom improvement in patients with voice disorders.

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