Somesthetic, Visual, and Auditory Feedback and Their Interactions Applied to Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation Technology: A Narrative Review to Facilitate Contextualization of Knowledge.

This is a narrative review, not a systematic review, so the selection of studies was not standardized or exhaustive. Much of the evidence cited comes from healthy adults or animal models, not people with stroke. The review discusses theoretical mechanisms and individual studies rather than providing a single pooled effect size for clinical decision-making. Sensory deficits are heterogeneous, and the review notes that assessment methods lack consensus, making it hard to generalize findings to all stroke patients.

The authors declare no commercial or financial conflicts of interest. The work was supported by INSPIRE and Canadian Institutes of Health Research grants.

Do not interpret this review as evidence that multimodal feedback is universally superior to unimodal feedback. The review presents conflicting evidence, noting that in some reaching tasks, proprioceptive feedback alone was sufficient and adding visual feedback did not improve performance. Individual patient deficits and task complexity must guide the choice of feedback.