PTOTOtherJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2025

Investigating the cortical effect of false positive feedback on motor learning in motor imagery based rehabilitative BCI training.

Hojun Jeong, Minsu Song, Sung-Ho Jang and 1 others

PMID 40102969

WHAT IT FOUND

In four stroke patients, false feedback during hand brain-computer training did not clearly change peak brain activation.

In healthy volunteers, training without false feedback produced stronger activation, like active movement.

Key findings

01In healthy volunteers, MI-BCI training without false positive feedback produced stronger motor cortex activation than training with false positive feedback.

02In people with stroke, peak motor cortex activation did not differ clearly between the MI-BCI conditions, although the no-false-feedback condition showed higher activation in some time windows compared with the false-feedback condition and passive training.

03In healthy volunteers, trials immediately after false positive feedback showed lower early activation than trials without preceding false positive feedback.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for PTsWhat it means for OTs

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What it does not show

Only four stroke patients were studied, all chronic, so this does not show what would happen in most patients you treat. The healthy group was much younger than the stroke group, and age can affect motor imagery skill. The outcomes were brain oxygenation and EEG patterns, not hand function or daily activities. Patients could not perform active training or normalization, so direct comparison with healthy volunteers was limited. One healthy outlier was removed from some analyses, and the study did not control the speed or force of imagined movement. The cue timing was fixed, so participants may have learned when feedback would occur.

Declared interests

Funding was provided by the National Research Foundation of Korea and the Translational Research Program for Rehabilitation Robots; the supplied text does not report author conflicts.

The easy way to misread this

Do not read the higher brain activation as proof that patients recover hand function better. The study measured brain oxygenation during training, not clinical recovery, and the stroke group had only four chronic patients with no clear peak activation difference.

Read it on PubMed →