Adaptation and Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale Among People With Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Participants were recruited by accidental sampling from public health centers, so they may not represent all Indonesian adults with type 2 diabetes. The study excluded people with diabetic wounds and people with a history of or current mental problems, so it says little about those groups. The treatment-related and social support factor and the complication factor had Cronbach's alpha values of 0.651 and 0.636, so they are less internally consistent than the total scale. The study did not show that using the scale improves diabetes care, mood, or quality of life; it tested measurement properties only. Some participant characteristics were self-reported and can be inaccurate, although height, weight, and blood pressure were measured directly.

The study was funded by The National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Do not read this as evidence that the questionnaire improves diabetes care. It tested whether the translated scale measures distress consistently, not whether using it changes patient outcomes. Also do not treat the treatment-related and social support factor or the complication factor as equally dependable: the total scale had Cronbach's alpha 0.858, while these two factors had alpha 0.651 and 0.636.