The Effect of Telenursing Using Self-care Education Podcasts on Anxiety and Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy Undergoing Intravitreal Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trail.

The trial was conducted at one eye hospital in Iran, so the result may not transfer to other settings. The final analysis included 68 patients, 34 per group, after four patients from each group discontinued. Follow-up was only 8 weeks, and the study did not test whether anxiety reduction persisted after the injection series. Outcomes were self-reported anxiety and quality of life, and the paper describes blinding only for the data analyst. The intervention combined many components, including WhatsApp delivery, audio and video files, weekly calls, glucose and dietary monitoring, counselling, referrals, standard pamphlets, and repeated injections, so the effect of any single component cannot be separated. The control group also received usual hospital education and the same injection treatment, so the comparison is with usual care, not no care.

Do not conclude that podcasts alone caused the benefit. The telenursing group also received WhatsApp messages, weekly video calls, self-care documentation, glucose monitoring, dietary logs, individualised counselling, referrals, standard pamphlets, and the same intravitreal injections as the control group, so the contribution of any single component cannot be separated.