The Association of Motor Skills and Adaptive Functioning in XXY/Klinefelter and XXYY Syndromes.
Sydney Martin, Lisa Cordeiro, Pamela Richardson and 2 others
PMID 30592247WHAT IT FOUND
Males with XXY and XXYY syndromes show specific motor weaknesses in manual dexterity and coordination, with XXYY being more severe.
Visual motor skills correlate with adaptive functioning, meaning motor deficits likely impact daily living tasks like dressing and handwriting.
Key findings
01Males with XXYY had significantly lower scores than males with XXY in all domains of cognition, adaptive functioning, and visual motor integration.
02There was a significant positive correlation between visual motor integration scores and overall adaptive skills for both XXY and XXYY groups, even after controlling for age and IQ.
03Weaknesses in manual dexterity and bilateral coordination were observed in both groups, with XXYY showing global motor difficulties in 50% or more of participants across most domains.
STILL TO COME
How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for PTsWhat it means for OTs
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What it does not show
The study lacked an XY control group, so comparisons were only between XXY and XXYY. It was cross-sectional, so it cannot show changes over time or causality. Only 66% of participants completed the BOT-2, which may introduce selection bias. The sample size, while adequate for describing phenotypes, limits the power for some subgroup analyses. Testosterone levels were not assessed, so the role of hormonal factors in motor deficits remains unclear.
Declared interests
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. No specific funding sources or conflicts of interest were declared in the provided text.
The easy way to misread this
Do not assume that all males with XXY have significant motor deficits. The study shows a spectrum of severity, with many XXY males scoring within the average range on standardized tests. Individual assessment is required to determine specific strengths and weaknesses.