Specific manifestations of sandwich generation effect in deaf parents and CODA families.

The sample was purposive and small, so these themes cannot be taken as typical for all deaf parents or CODAs. The study was retrospective, and some accounts referred to events from childhood decades earlier. Findings are tied to the Czech education and support system, especially past segregation and limited deaf education. Analysis depended on sign language interpretation, and the authors note nuance may be lost in translation. The authors say the study focuses on outliers and does not confirm normal functioning of families of deaf parents. Statements were grouped by role rather than individual to protect anonymity, which can blur differences between respondents.

The paper reports funding from Palacký University Internal Grant Agency. No other conflicts of interest are stated.

Do not conclude that deaf parents are generally dependent on their children or that CODAs are harmed in every family. The paper is a small qualitative study, and many respondents also described childhood or parenting as positive or normal.