Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Jaw and Hyolingual Apparatus During Swallowing in Macaca mulatta.

The study used only two monkeys, one male and one female, and data came from only two days for each animal, so it cannot show how common these patterns are. The animals were head-fixed and ate while restrained, so the feeding was not completely natural. No contrast agent was mixed with the food, so bolus movement was identified from shadows rather than detailed contrast images. Macaques have different hyoid and laryngeal anatomy from humans, and their absolute cycle timings were shorter than published human values. The study did not measure muscle activity, so it cannot say which muscles produced the movements. The analysis did not capture all tongue movement directions, so the full tongue motion during feeding remains incomplete. Human comparison relied on published studies, not new human participants in this work.

No author conflicts are stated in the supplied text. The publication types list NIH extramural and non-U.S. government research support.

Do not read these macaque kinematics as evidence for a human swallowing diagnosis or treatment. The study used two head-fixed monkeys and compared them with published human values, so it cannot tell you what to do with a patient.