Kinesiophysiological analysis associated with changes in subjective intensities in belt electrode-skeletal muscle electrical stimulation: a prospective exploratory study.

The study included only 17 healthy adults without disabilities, so it does not show what happens in older, frail, or disabled patients. The sample was small and subjective intensity was not randomised, so the order of conditions may have influenced responses. Most participants were male and gender differences were not analysed, so METs values may not apply equally to females. Only the metabolic mode at 4 Hz was tested, so other frequencies may produce different responses. Each intensity condition lasted 5 minutes, and longer stimulation may cause habituation and lower subjective intensity. Physique and body fat were not considered, although thicker tissue may require higher current to reach muscle. The outcomes were physiological responses such as METs, oxygen uptake, vital signs, current, and tidal volume, not clinical function or patient benefit.

The authors declared no conflict of interest or financial interest to declare.

Do not read this as evidence that B-SES improves health or function in older adults, frail patients, or disabled patients. The study measured only 17 healthy adults and reported physiological responses, not clinical outcomes.