Effects of a self-efficacy-centered self-management program on neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial.

The study was done in one hospital's spinal surgery department, so it may not apply to other settings or patients. The authors say the sample size may have been insufficient to show the intervention effect. The text says 82 participants were randomized, but the tables report 39 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group, so the analyzed number is unclear. The intervention lasted only 12 weeks, so long-term effects are unknown. The self-efficacy difference at 12 weeks was .174 on a 1.0 to 4.0 scale, and the authors say this may not be clinically sufficient. Quality of life was measured with a general SF-36 because no neurogenic bladder-specific tool was available in China, so it may not capture bladder-related quality of life. Most participants had less severe neurological damage, and too few with complete ASIA grade A injuries were included. The intervention was a bundle, so the study cannot tell which part, such as self-efficacy coaching, diaries, catheter training, or follow-up, produced the results.

The work was supported by the Young Talent Development Plan of Changzhou Health Commission and the Suzhou Youth Science and Technology Project. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Do not conclude that self-efficacy content alone caused the improvements or that the self-efficacy gain was large. The intervention was a bundle that also included caregiver coaching, voiding diaries, drinking plans, catheterization training, goal setting, feedback, and follow-up. The mean self-efficacy difference was .174 on a 1.0 to 4.0 scale.