The effectiveness of innovative educational techniques based on the Transtheoretical Model on the self-care ability of patients with colorectal cancer undergoing ostomy: A randomized controlled trial.

The trial was done at one tertiary hospital in Shanghai, so results may not apply to other settings. The authors said the sample was not sufficiently representative. Follow-up was short because of time and funding constraints, so long-term effects were not observed. The intervention combined five education tools and support channels, so the study cannot identify which component helped. Patients received visibly different education, despite the single-blind claim, so expectation effects cannot be ruled out.

The study was funded by the Three-Year Action Plan for Discipline Construction of the School of Nursing (No. JS2210205), and the funding organization supported the design, implementation, and analysis. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Do not conclude that the education skirt, 3D app, VR system, complication models, or hotline alone caused the better outcomes. The trial tested the whole staged bundle against routine education, so it cannot separate the effect of any single component.