The Application of a Combined Online and Offline Health Intervention Model for Assessing Parents' KAP About Testicular Torsion: A Self-Controlled Study.

The design was a before-and-after self-controlled survey with no control group; other factors could have changed parents' scores. The intervention combined offline PowerPoint lectures, a quiz brochure with on-site guidance, WeChat science videos and WeChat expert micro-videos, so the contribution of any single component cannot be separated. Participants were parents of boys aged 3 to 12 years from one kindergarten and primary school in Guizhou Province, so the results may not apply to other places or groups. Outcomes were self-reported questionnaire knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, not observed hospital attendance, prehospital delay, testicular salvage or orchiectomy. Some questionnaire wording about 'before' was ambiguous and affected one knowledge item. 20 participants withdrew, and 476 completed the intervention. The authors noted possible pitfalls with online compliance, understanding of content and communication with the researcher.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The supplied text does not report funding or sponsor involvement.

Do not read these score changes as proof that the programme reduced prehospital delay or prevented orchiectomy. The outcomes were parents' self-reported questionnaire knowledge, attitudes and behaviour after offline lectures, brochure guidance, WeChat science videos and WeChat expert micro-videos delivered together, with no control group.