Socioeconomic and Geographical Analysis on Antenatal Care Visits in Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study.
Tety Rachmawati, Stefanus Supriyanto, Dede Anwar Musadad and 7 others
PMID 42483319WHAT IT FOUND
Only 38.65% of Indonesian women had adequate antenatal care, defined as six or more visits with minimum visits in each trimester.
Younger, less educated, uninsured, rural, poorer, divorced or widowed women and those facing longer travel were less likely to meet it.
Key findings
01Only 27412 of 70,916 women (38.65%) had adequate antenatal care. Provincial examples included 13.00% in West Papua and 17.78% in Maluku, compared with 58.79% in West Java, 58.65% in Central Java, and 57.60% in East Java.
02The prevalence of adequate antenatal care was 22.33% among women under 20 years, 25.59% among women with no formal education, 32.42% among divorced women, 30.22% among widowed women, 36.21% among uninsured women, 32.39% among rural residents, 27.20% among the poorest group, and 20.79% among women living more than 60 minutes from a primary care centre.
03In adjusted analysis, adequate antenatal care was associated with age, education, marital status, insurance, employment, urban residence, economic status and travel time, with combined national and private insurance showing aOR 2.84 versus no insurance.
STILL TO COME
How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for RNs
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What it does not show
This is a cross-sectional survey, so it can show which groups were less likely to have adequate antenatal care but cannot prove that age, education, insurance, wealth, marital status, residence or travel time caused inadequate care. The outcome was based on questionnaire responses collected through face-to-face interviews, and the supplied text does not report verification against clinical records. The analysis included pregnancies from 2018 onwards, before the formal K6 policy was introduced, so the prevalence reflects a mix of pre-policy and post-policy behaviour. The study focused on quantitative associations and excluded qualitative information that might explain cultural, behavioural or contextual barriers.
The easy way to misread this
Do not conclude that insurance, education, wealth, travel time or marital status caused inadequate antenatal care. This cross-sectional survey only shows that women with these characteristics were less likely to have adequate care.