Sociodemographic profile associated with congenital heart disease among infants <1 year old.

The sample was small (69 infants), so the analysis could not show causation and may have missed differences in other factors. It was a secondary analysis, and the questionnaire did not measure possible explanations such as diet, prenatal vitamins, or access to care. Participants were from Los Angeles, so results may not apply to other regions or populations. Healthy controls were recruited from fetal cardiology and newborn clinic settings, which may not represent all healthy infants. Selection bias was possible because higher socioeconomic status mothers may have been more likely to enroll controls or return for follow-up. Missing responses were dropped, and the analysis did not stratify by CHD type.

All authors declared no conflicts of interest. No funding source is named in the supplied article text.

Do not conclude that low maternal education causes congenital heart disease or that nurses can prevent it by education. The study found an association in a small observational sample and did not test mechanisms or interventions.