Skeletal muscle mechanics: questions, problems and possible solutions.
Walter Herzog
PMID 28915834WHAT IT FOUND
This review argues that standard muscle models are incomplete because they ignore the protein titin and misclassify aponeuroses as series elastic elements.
It states we currently cannot accurately measure or predict individual muscle forces in humans during movement.
Key findings
01The cross-bridge theory fails to explain residual force enhancement and sarcomere stability without adding titin as a third filament.
02Calculating series elasticity by subtracting fibre length from muscle-tendon length is mechanically incorrect because aponeuroses are not in series with the tendon.
03Current methods cannot accurately predict individual muscle forces in humans because the distribution problem is indeterminate and experimental validation is lacking.
STILL TO COME
How it was doneWhat they found
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What it does not show
This is a theoretical review and opinion piece, not a systematic review or primary research study. The conclusions are based on the author's interpretation of existing biomechanical literature. No clinical outcomes or patient data are reported.
Declared interests
No funding or conflict of interest declarations are present in the supplied text.
The easy way to misread this
Do not treat the proposed titin-based model or the critique of series elasticity as established clinical fact. These are theoretical arguments from a single expert review, not validated clinical guidelines.