Short-term changes in frailty status and associated factors over 3 months of multidisciplinary outpatient care in older adults.

There was no control group, so the study cannot show that the clinic caused the changes. The 3-month follow-up was short, so it does not show whether changes lasted. Participants were outpatients from one hospital clinic, so results may not apply elsewhere. Only people who completed both baseline and 3-month assessments were analysed. Home exercise frequency was self-recorded on weekly logs and was not objectively verified. People who could exercise daily may have been healthier to begin with, so reverse causality is possible. Missing data were imputed, and some variables had missing values, so residual bias or confounding could remain. Medical review, nutrition counselling, exercise instruction, supervised rehabilitation, nursing guidance and social support were delivered together, so no single component can be credited.

This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant 24K20496. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest concerning authorship and publication.

Do not conclude that the frailty clinic or home exercise caused frailty improvement. Medical review, nutrition counselling, exercise instruction, supervised rehabilitation, nursing guidance and social support were delivered together, the study had no control group, and home exercise frequency was self-reported.