RNSystematic ReviewJournal of child and adolescent psychiatric nursing : official publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc2026

Rules and Limit-Setting in Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatric Wards: A Systematic Narrative Review.

Clara Goossens, Matteo Zuccala, Caroline Hunt and 1 others

PMID 42411421

WHAT IT FOUND

No agreed standard for adolescent psychiatric ward rules emerged, but reviewed wards mostly set limits on aggression, sexual activity, participation and schedules.

Young people said rules felt fairer when staff explained why they existed and applied them consistently.

Key findings

01Across the included papers, the most common ward rules prohibited aggression and sexual activity, controlled personal items and outside contact, and required attendance at ward activities.

02Adolescents in the reviewed studies said rules felt safer and more acceptable when they made sense, while rigid or inconsistently enforced rules made them feel confined and treated unfairly.

03Some included studies reported fewer seclusion or restraint episodes after ward rule changes.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for RNs

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What it does not show

The review found no concrete, established, agreed-upon rule structure, so it describes practice, not what works. Most included papers were low quality: 19 of 31 were rated low, and few had experimental designs. Many papers were not written to study rules directly, so the quality ratings have limited use for decisions. Most evidence came from the United States and other high-income Western countries, so it may not fit other cultures. Title and abstract screening was largely done by one author, though full texts were checked by two.

Declared interests

The authors declared no conflicts of interest and reported no funding.

The easy way to misread this

Do not read this as proof that explaining rules or flexible limit-setting reduces aggression or restraint. Most included papers were descriptive, 19 of 31 were rated low quality, and the review did not test these approaches.

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