Parents' COVID-19, HPV, and Monkeypox vaccination intention: A multilevel structural equation model of risk, benefit, barrier, and efficacy perceptions and individual characteristics.

The sample was recruited from Prolific.co panels, and the authors noted that the U.S. sample limited generalizability; 78.2% were non-Hispanic White, 36.2% had a four-year college degree, 13.1% had a master's degree and 3.7% had a doctoral or professional degree. The study measured vaccination intention, not actual vaccination behaviour. Participants were mothers only, so findings may not apply to fathers or other caregivers. There was no approved monkeypox vaccine for children at the time of the study, and HPV or monkeypox entries were removed if the child had already received those vaccines. The study was a survey, so it shows associations, not causes. Age eligibility for HPV and COVID-19 vaccination was not controlled, though children's age and prior vaccination history were included. Participants rated only two of the three vaccines to avoid fatigue, so comparisons were not made for every parent across all three. The sample was U.S.-specific, and findings may not generalise to countries with publicly funded vaccination programmes.

The authors declared no competing interests.

Do not conclude that improving parents' confidence in getting a vaccine will raise vaccination intention. Self-efficacy and emotional self-efficacy were not significantly associated with intention; perceived benefit, safety concerns and barriers were.