OtherJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2026

Neuromechanical synergy patterns explain metabolic efficiency differences during the sit-to-walk transition.

Wanli Zang, Jiarong Wu, Chen Zhu and 2 others

PMID 42380892

WHAT IT FOUND

Healthy adults with different estimated metabolic cost during sit-to-walk had similar visible joint movement but localized differences in muscle coordination timing and weighting.

This is a research framework in healthy adults, not evidence that a therapy changes efficiency.

Key findings

01Participants were grouped into low, moderate, and high residual-based metabolic cost after accounting for body mass, height, and sex.

02The metabolic-cost groups had broadly similar joint angle and angular velocity patterns across the sit-to-walk cycle.

03After correction, synergy timing differences were localized to short early and late windows rather than the whole cycle.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they found

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What it does not show

All participants were healthy adults, so the synergy and metabolic-cost features are a healthy-reference framework, not evidence for patients who have difficulty with sit-to-walk. Metabolic-cost groups were based on OpenSim-Umberger model estimates, not direct whole-body energy measurements in the main analysis. Age differed enough between the low- and high-cost groups to be a possible confounder, even though body mass, height, and sex were adjusted for. Weight comparisons were uncorrected and exploratory, so they should not be treated as confirmatory evidence of broad synergy reorganization. NMF and MMF results depend on rank selection, signal normalization, and the chosen biomechanical channels, which may affect the extracted components.

Declared interests

The provided article text lists funding from the Major Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and gives no author conflict-of-interest declarations.

The easy way to misread this

Do not read the localized synergy differences as proven causes of higher or lower energy cost or as evidence that a therapy can change sit-to-walk efficiency. The main groups were based on model-derived estimates in healthy adults, and weight differences were uncorrected and exploratory.

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The study

Participants
71 healthy individuals
Certainty of evidence
Low

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    Cite

    Wanli Zang, Jiarong Wu, Chen Zhu, et al. Neuromechanical synergy patterns explain metabolic efficiency differences during the sit-to-walk transition. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. 2026.

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