Mammography Screening Among Women Living With HIV in the United States: A Quantitative Analysis of the Role of Health Care Empowerment.
Susan Holman, Denise Bruno, Rose Saint Fleur-Calixte and 10 others
PMID 40478839WHAT IT FOUND
Women living with HIV who reported being informed, committed, collaborative and engaged in their care were more likely to report a mammogram over 2 years.
Tolerance of uncertainty and total empowerment were not associated.
Key findings
01In the final analytic sample, 581 of 846 women living with HIV reported a mammogram over the 2-year observation period.
02After adjustment, each 1-unit increase in the informed, committed, collaborative and engaged subscale was associated with 10% higher odds of reported mammogram receipt.
03In bivariate analysis, mammogram receipt was associated with the informed, committed, collaborative and engaged subscale but not with total health care empowerment or tolerance of uncertainty.
STILL TO COME
How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for RNs
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What it does not show
The outcome was self-reported mammogram receipt, and medical record confirmation was not part of the protocol. Self-report can be affected by response bias, and mammograms assessed over a long recall period may be overreported. The analysis used repeated 6-month questions about receipt since the last visit to reduce long recall, but this does not remove all self-report bias. Loss to follow-up may introduce selection bias because women who remained in the cohort may differ from those who did not. The WIHS cohort may not represent all older women living with HIV in the United States. Participants were not asked about family history of breast cancer, which can affect screening behavior. The analysis reflects mammography guidelines in place during the 2014 to 2016 data collection period.
Declared interests
The authors report no real or perceived vested interests related to this article that could be construed as a conflict of interest.
The easy way to misread this
Do not read the 10% higher odds per 1-unit increase as proof that empowerment causes mammogram receipt. The study was observational and relied on self-reported mammograms, so it shows association, not effect.