Let my father listen to my heart sounds too: Attachment in fathers who perform Leopold maneuvers and listen to fetal heart sounds, attachment and partner relationships in mothers.

The intervention was a package of training, Leopold maneuvers, stethoscope use, daily listening and charting; the paper does not separate the contribution of any single component. The study used self-reported attachment and partner relationship scales, so results may be affected by social desirability and inaccurate self-assessment. It was conducted in one public hospital in eastern Türkiye, with couples at 28-36 weeks of gestation and no diagnosed pregnancy or fetal risks, so it may not apply to higher-risk pregnancies or other settings. Follow-up was short, to day 15, and long-term effects were not studied. Researchers could not fully control whether couples completed the daily listening and charting as instructed. The control group learned about the intervention after posttest, and 58 control couples were offered stethoscopes and charts.

Do not conclude that listening to fetal heartbeats alone improves attachment, birth outcomes or long-term family functioning. The intervention also included training, Leopold maneuvers, a stethoscope and a heartbeat chart, and the paper does not separate the contribution of any single component. It measured only self-reported attachment and partner relationship scores at day 15, in couples at 28-36 weeks of gestation without diagnosed pregnancy or fetal risks.