QualitativeJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

First-Hand Experiences of Autistic Students About Teacher Autonomy Support, Structure, and Involvement: A Video-Stimulated Recall (Interview) Study.

Fernanda Esqueda Villegas, Steffie van der Steen, Alexander Minnaert

PMID 40338513

WHAT IT FOUND

Thirteen autistic secondary students described predictable lessons, visual supports and calm teacher explanations as helping them continue tasks.

They also described open choices, public correction and peer attention as sometimes confusing or unsettling.

Key findings

01Autistic students recalled step-by-step guidance and visual supports as helping them pay attention, identify important information and continue tasks.

02Students gave five positive and one negative recall comments about autonomy support, and the negative comment was confusion about choosing where to start homework.

03Many students feared teachers addressing mistakes in front of the class, and a student said he would not like being praised because peers sometimes respond poorly.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they found

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What it does not show

The sample was small (13 autistic students) and schools were chosen because they were near the researchers, so these experiences may not represent autistic students in other settings. Researchers selected the video clips, so students could not bring up moments that may have mattered most to them. Interviews did not always happen immediately after the lessons, and some students may have answered in line with the researcher's expectations rather than their own memory. The study used a separate protocol for each student and did not compare the Netherlands and Mexico, so differences between countries or groups cannot be read from it. It reports recalled thoughts and feelings about classroom events, not a tested therapy, not clinical outcomes, and not whether teacher strategies change learning or participation. Although students could write or draw, all chose to speak, so the findings reflect verbal recall from this group. Autistic students were not involved in designing the study.

The easy way to misread this

Do not read these themes as evidence that specific teacher strategies improve autistic students' learning. The study describes what 13 students recalled about selected video clips, not a tested intervention or clinical outcome.

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The study

Participants
13 autistic students (6 from the Netherlands and 7 from Mexico)
Certainty of evidence
Very low

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    Fernanda Esqueda Villegas, Steffie van der Steen, Alexander Minnaert First-Hand Experiences of Autistic Students About Teacher Autonomy Support, Structure, and Involvement: A Video-Stimulated Recall (Interview) Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2026.

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