OtherJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2026

Exploring gait automaticity and prefrontal brain activity during single and dual-task walking in aging and Parkinson's disease.

Alexander Kvist, Daniel S Peterson, Lucian Bezuidenhout and 5 others

PMID 41491961

WHAT IT FOUND

In Parkinson's, less automatic walking tied to more prefrontal brain activity.

In older adults, age alone drove that activity. This supports compensation in Parkinson's, but does not show it in healthy aging.

Key findings

01Higher step time variability linked to higher prefrontal activity in Parkinson's, but not older adults.

02In older adults, prefrontal activity during walking was related to age, not step time variability.

03Executive function did not moderate the link between automaticity and prefrontal activity in either group.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they found

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What it does not show

The study was cross-sectional and observational, so it cannot prove that prefrontal activity causes compensation or that reducing it would improve walking. The Parkinson's group had mild disease severity (mostly Hoehn & Yahr stage 2), so findings may not apply to those with more advanced disease or freezing. The sample size was small, particularly for detecting moderation effects by executive function. fNIRS only measured the prefrontal cortex, so activity in other brain regions or deeper structures was not captured. Cap positioning was not verified with 3D digitizers, which could introduce noise in the brain activity signals.

Declared interests

Funded by Karolinska Institute. No other conflicts declared.

The easy way to misread this

Do not assume that increased prefrontal activity during walking is a sign of helpful compensation in healthy aging. In this study, that activity in older adults was linked to age, not to walking automaticity, unlike in Parkinson's.

Summarised by AI from the full paper, without a clinician reviewing it. Check it against the source before it changes what you do. Read it on PubMed →


The study

Participants
81 (44 older adults, 37 with Parkinson's disease)
Certainty of evidence
Low

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    Cite

    Alexander Kvist, Daniel S Peterson, Lucian Bezuidenhout, et al. Exploring gait automaticity and prefrontal brain activity during single and dual-task walking in aging and Parkinson's disease. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. 2026.

    Read the original — we summarise, we never replace the paper.