Development and Psychometric Validation of the Spanish Version of the Experience of Living With Chronic Heart Failure-University of Navarra Scale.

The sample was Spanish-speaking outpatient heart failure patients with New York Heart Association class II to IV disease, so the scale may not be valid for class I, inpatients, or other languages. Only 37% were women, which may limit how well women's experiences are represented. The death subscale was removed because it fit poorly in this sample, whose mean age was 69.34 years, so thoughts about death may be underrepresented. Several items showed age or education bias, so differences by age should be interpreted cautiously. Direct scores are not linear, so change scores may be hard to calculate; linear scores are recommended for research. No existing scale measures the same construct, so validation relied on correlations with quality-of-life questionnaires rather than a direct comparator.

Funded by public agencies (Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013 to 2016, Carlos III Health Institute, and European Regional Development Fund); the funder did not intervene in design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, writing, or submission. Authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Do not read this as proof that the scale improves heart failure care. It validates a Spanish questionnaire for outpatients with moderate to severe disease, and the death subscale was removed because it did not fit this sample.