OTSLPCase ReportArchives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation2025

Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of a Post-Coronavirus-19 Sample After Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Case Series.

Ellen Farr, Dmitry Esterov, Blake A Kassmeyer and 2 others

PMID 40463782

WHAT IT FOUND

Thirteen patients with persistent post-COVID cognitive symptoms received individualized multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

Median changes across disability, mood, life satisfaction, and neurobehavioral symptom scores were minimal. Results were heterogeneous, with some patients improving and others worsening on the same measures.

Key findings

01The study included 13 post-COVID-19 patients who completed the cognitive rehabilitation program.

02Median changes in outcome scores were minimal, with 1 to 2 point shifts on measures of participation and neurobehavioral symptoms.

03Response to treatment was heterogeneous, as subsets of patients worsened on measures where the group median indicated improvement, and vice versa.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for OTsWhat it means for SLPs

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What it does not show

The sample size was very small, with only 13 patients, and no formal statistical testing was performed due to limited power. Treatment was entirely individualized with no standard protocol, making it difficult to replicate or determine which specific interventions helped or hindered outcomes. Patients were referred to a subspecialty clinic for prolonged and functionally limiting symptoms, meaning the results do not apply to the broader population with post-COVID symptoms. Key domains such as fatigue, physical mobility, and specific cognitive test scores were not fully assessed, so changes in these areas were missed. The time from initial infection to treatment varied greatly, with a median of 229 days, which may affect how well rehabilitation works compared to earlier intervention.

Declared interests

No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors.

The easy way to misread this

Do not interpret the small median improvements in disability and neurobehavioral symptom scores as evidence that multidisciplinary cognitive rehabilitation is effective for this population. The authors state these changes are unlikely to have clinical significance, and nearly half of the patients actually worsened on these same measures.

Read it on PubMed →