Cross-cultural adaptation of the empowerment scale of pregnant women in China context: An integrative method of translation and linguistic validation.
Yanjia Liu, Chong Chin Che, Mukhri Hamdan and 1 others
PMID 39279598WHAT IT FOUND
A simplified Chinese empowerment questionnaire for pregnant women was translated, expert-reviewed and wording-tested with pregnant women.
Nine experts rated items relevant. Fifteen women found most understandable, but the scale still needs validation in larger studies.
Key findings
01The English Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women was adapted into simplified Chinese through translation, Delphi expert review and cognitive interviews.
02Nine experts rated the translated items for relevance; item-level scores ranged from 0.78 to 1.00, scale-level average relevance was 0.97 and universal agreement was 0.81.
03Fifteen pregnant women reported that most items were understandable and accurate, and most suggested minor wording changes.
STILL TO COME
How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for RNs
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What it does not show
The pregnant women were recruited by convenience sampling from one hospital in Hubei, and more than half had education below a bachelor's degree, so they may not represent all Chinese pregnant women. The study did not complete psychometric testing; the authors say further tests are needed before the scale is fully validated. Cognitive interview data were recorded only as written field notes, not audio or video, which may have limited detail. Two experts dropped out before the second Delphi round, and the final review used 14 experts. The English items were short and colloquial, so few cultural conflicts appeared. This may limit lessons for future adaptations.
Declared interests
No funding was reported, and the authors declared no conflicts of interest.
The easy way to misread this
Do not read this as evidence that the Chinese ESPW has been tested for reliability or validity, or that using it improves antenatal care. The study reports translation, content relevance and cognitive interviews only; the authors say further testing in larger, more diverse populations is needed.