Construction and Validation of a Nomogram Model for Stress Urinary Incontinence of Late Pregnancy.

All data came from a single hospital in Shanghai, so results may not apply to other populations or services. Women reported their own symptoms and risk factors, which can bring recall and reporting bias. The model was validated only within the same hospital sample, not in an independent external population. The study did not test whether the score or the suggested interventions actually reduce stress urinary incontinence. The sample size method was rough and may not have handled correlated variables well. The questionnaire used to identify stress urinary incontinence had only moderate internal consistency. Women with pre-pregnancy urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, kidney disease, pelvic surgery, or other conditions were excluded.

Funded by the Chinese Medical Association (Grant CMAPH-NRP2022004). The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Do not read the score as proof that pelvic floor training, avoiding smoke, or reducing coffee prevents stress urinary incontinence. This was a cross-sectional prediction model with self-reported data and internal validation only, so it identifies risk but does not test treatment effect.