Brain response to errors in children who stutter.

The final analysed sample was 24 children who stutter and 24 children who did not stutter, so the findings may be unstable. The study compared children at one time point, not the same children over time, so it cannot show how error monitoring develops in stuttering. The children who stutter were from a community sample and mostly had mild to moderate stuttering and low anxiety, so results may not apply to clinic-referred or more severe cases. The error task was a nonverbal button-press game, not a speech task, so it may not capture speech-specific error monitoring. Some children who stutter may recover later, and the study did not know persistence status. Two children from the stuttering group were excluded because of task performance, reducing the analysed sample.

Do not conclude that stuttering is caused by heightened error monitoring or anxiety. The main comparison found no group differences in brain responses to errors or in parent-reported anxiety, and the age and anxiety associations were secondary findings in a small cross-sectional sample.