Applied Evidence

Application of VR360 for Clinical Reasoning Development in Occupational Therapy Students in Handling Complex Behavioural Symptoms in Individuals With Dementia.

Occupational therapy international · 2026 · Pilot · OT

Frank Ho-Yin Lai, Ben Chi-Bun Yip, Eddie Yip-Kuen Hai and 1 others

PMID 42153966

Sixty OT students rated their own clinical reasoning higher after a four-scenario 360° video module on dementia behaviour, but with no control group the gains could come from simply completing the module.

Promising as a training tool, not yet proven to work.

Key findings

1All three CRAT domains improved substantially: content knowledge from 3.40 to 5.41, procedural knowledge from 3.46 to 5.57, and conceptual reasoning from 3.39 to 5.32, with effect sizes of d = 1.94, 2.11, and 2.08.

2Prior dementia care experience was the strongest moderator, with the largest effect on procedural knowledge (partial η² = 0.34), followed by content knowledge (partial η² = 0.24) and conceptual reasoning (partial η² = 0.18).

3The study used a single-group pre-post design with no control group; the authors state an RCT was considered but deemed impractical, and they identify the absence of a randomised control group as a major limitation.

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What it does not show

No control group: students could have improved simply by completing the module, attending a briefing, or through concurrent coursework and natural progression over the study period. The outcome was a self-rating scale (CRAT) with no established reliability data in the published literature; students may have over- or under-estimated their abilities. All 60 participants came from a single university, limiting generalisability to other programmes or countries. The VR360 scenarios, while immersive, cannot replicate the unpredictability of real dementia-care settings. The authors themselves describe the findings as preliminary and hypothesis-generating, and call for randomised trials with objective performance measures.

Declared interests

Funded by the Innovation and Technology Fund for Better Living (ITB/FBL/2004/19/P). The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Summarised by AI from the full paper, without a clinician reviewing it. Check it against the source before it changes what you do. Read it on PubMed →


The study

Participants
60 OT students (35 female, 25 male); 40 undergraduate, 20 postgraduate; ages 19–34 (M = 24.6, SD = 4.2)
Certainty of evidence
Very low

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Cite

Frank Ho-Yin Lai, Ben Chi-Bun Yip, Eddie Yip-Kuen Hai, et al. Application of VR360 for Clinical Reasoning Development in Occupational Therapy Students in Handling Complex Behavioural Symptoms in Individuals With Dementia. Occupational therapy international. 2026.

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