PTPilotInternational journal of sports physical therapy2026

An Exploratory Analysis of Countermovement Jump Variables Between Higher and Lower Performers on the LESS and Y-Balance Tests.

Carolina Pavlenco, Scott Talpey, Elizabeth C Gardner

PMID 41777442

WHAT IT FOUND

Collegiate athletes who scored worse on the LESS drop-jump screen landed more stiffly on force plates, and those with a right-left reach difference over 4 cm jumped with greater mRSI, longer propulsion and higher landing force.

Most comparisons showed no difference, and this underpowered pilot cannot show these tests predict injury.

Key findings

01Athletes with moderate-poor LESS landing scores had significantly greater landing stiffness during the countermovement jump than those with excellent-good scores (p = 0.01, small-to-medium effect). No other jump metric differed between the two LESS groups.

02Athletes with more than 4 cm difference in anterior reach on the Y-Balance Test had higher mRSI (p = 0.004), longer propulsive phase (p = 0.004) and greater peak landing force (p = 0.002).

03Among male athletes only, a high-risk right composite Y-Balance score was associated with greater left-right peak propulsive force (p = 0.007) and landing impulse (p = 0.01), and a high-risk left composite score with greater peak landing force (p = 0.04) and lower jump height (p = 0.004). No jump metric differences were seen among the female athletes.

STILL TO COME

How it was doneWhat they foundWhat it means for PTs

Read the rest of this summary

You get three full summaries a month, free, and we do not ask for a card. Search, the TL;DRs and your library stay unlimited either way.

Already have one?

What it does not show

The authors' own calculation said 260 athletes were needed to detect differences and only 109 were tested, so real differences may well have been missed and results could shift in a larger sample. Each athlete performed only two jumps on one day, which may not reflect their usual mechanics or day-to-day variation. The At Risk Flag Count is the authors' own invention, has never been validated, and the authors themselves say it should not be used as a diagnostic or predictive tool. No analysis adjusted for sex or sport, and the female and per-sport subgroups were small, so subgroup findings may be chance. Leg and hand dominance were never recorded, so the authors could not test whether dominance explains the asymmetry findings. Nobody was followed up, so the study cannot show that any of these jump metrics predict injury.

Declared interests

The authors declare they have no financial or personal relationships that could be seen as a conflict of interest. No funding source is stated in the text provided.

The easy way to misread this

Do not read this as evidence that countermovement jump metrics on force plates can predict ACL injury. No athlete was followed up to see who got injured, the sample was less than half the size the authors' own calculation called for, and several findings come from small sex subgroups. These are associations to test in future studies, not screening thresholds to apply now.

Summarised by AI from the full paper, without a clinician reviewing it. Check it against the source before it changes what you do. Read it on PubMed →